Topographical Based Significance of Sap-Sucking Heteropteran in European Wheat Cultivations: A Systematic Review

Sap sucking heteropteran cereal bugs—members of the Eurygaster and Aelia genus—are serious pests wheat. Moreover, they feed on a variety gramineous plant species, including rye, barley, oat, maize, millet. They are widely distributed in European continent. The purpose this review paper is two-fold; it summarizes currently available data biological characteristics, inflicted damage, their distribution and, addition, we aimed to determine economic importance, based current literature. For most important bug have collected occurrence Europe provide comprehensive picture distribution, characterized them according temperature requirements at different life stages. We also determined degree attachment wheat as host plant, examining synchronization between cycle plant. Finally, compared migration characteristics. All above-mentioned characteristics were merged, order assess rank damage potential each species.